This section covers cutting-edge database internals that go beyond what is covered in the core DBMS chapters. Topics range from modern query optimizer architectures (Cascades/Volcano/Columbia) to vectorized execution engines, learned indexes, serializable snapshot isolation, deterministic databases, vector databases for AI workloads, graph databases, temporal/streaming systems, and approximate query processing with privacy-preserving techniques.
mindmap
root((Advanced DBMS))
Query Optimizers
Cascades / Volcano / Columbia
Cost-Based & Cardinality Estimation
Learned Cardinality
Adaptive & Runtime Re-optimization
Join Ordering (DP, bushy, WCO)
AGM Bound & Leapfrog Triejoin
Factorized Databases
Execution Engines
Vectorized & SIMD Execution
JIT Compilation & Code Gen
Morsel-Driven Parallelism
Columnar Encodings (RLE, Dict, Bit-pack)
Operator Fusion & Pipeline
Advanced Indexing
Learned Indexes (ALEX, FITing-Tree)
Bw-Tree (Latch-Free B-Tree)
Adaptive Radix Tree (ART)
LSM-Based Indexes
Advanced Concurrency
SSI & Serializable Snapshot Isolation
Deterministic Databases (Calvin)
Distributed MVCC & Serializability
Spanner / CockroachDB Transactions
Distributed & NewSQL
FoundationDB / TiDB / YugabyteDB
Distributed SQL & HTAP
Vector Databases
HNSW / IVF / PQ / DiskANN
Hybrid Search & RAG
Graph Databases
Cypher / SPARQL / Datalog
Graph Joins & Analytics
Temporal & Streaming
Bitemporal / Time-Series
Stream Processing
Approximate & Privacy
Sketches (HLL, CMS, t-digest)
Differential Privacy & TEE
Provenance & Lineage
Category Foundations (existing files) This Section (advanced)
Optimization Rule-based, basic cost Cascades, learned cardinality, WCO, factorized Execution Volcano iterator model Vectorized, JIT, morsel-driven Indexing B-tree, hash, bitmap Learned, Bw-tree, ART, LSM indexes Concurrency 2PL, basic MVCC, locks SSI, deterministic DBs, distributed MVCC Transactions 2PC, basic serializability Spanner TrueTime, Calvin, CockroachDB
Query Processing : ../query-processing/ — parsing, optimization, joins, cost estimationTransaction Internals : ../internals/transaction-internals.md , ../internals/wal.md Transactions : ../transactions/ — ACID, isolation levels, MVCC, distributed TXNsIndexing : ../indexing/ — B-tree, hash, bitmap, GiST, GINStorage : ../storage/ — column stores, buffer managementInternals : ../internals/ — engines, compaction, LSM trees, WAL